Ecosystem Approach in Fisheries Governance in the Arctic

Ecosystem Approach in Fisheries boldness in the frozenA social science perspective on fisheries perplexity and developmentMikhnyuk ElizavetaAbstract The ecosystem prelude to fisheries is a highly matteral issue at present. The aim of current analysis was to reveal the historical development of the ecosystem advent to fisheries in the rubber eraser. The prophylactic has intrinsic resources and a rich wildlife is important to the inhabitants. The icy is undergoing major environmental changes including decrease in ocean ice cover, increase in river runoff and precipitation, accelerated warming, and permafrost and glacier melt. This changes, along with new opportunities for economic development create more stress and pressure on the gum elastic marine ecosystem.Introduction cold biodiversity isnt all valuable in itself, just it is extremely important for use in various fields of human activity. diametric is the habitat of species with great adaptations to survive in the ex treme cold and highly variable climatic conditions. More than ten percent of the global fish catch accounts for the gumshoe ocean and the Arctic. More and more tourists are heading north. Growing worldwide interest in Arctic species and ecosystems as an increasingly rare example of primordial biologic diversity.Warming and economic potential will cause health problems and welfare in the Arctic. Effects of pollutants on the environment and human health in the Arctic remains one of the highest priorities. Sources and pathways of these pollutants are found both inside and outside the region. In the Arctic marine and terrestrial faunas, which are eaten by indigenous ethnic groups and other(a) inhabitants of the North, accumulate more persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals resulting from industrial and agricultural activities carried much further south, that transferred and accumulated in the food chain. Moreover, m all existing and abandoned military and industrial facili ties left in the Arctic region pollutants and pollution. These objects can represent significant problems and potentially contribute to the deterioration of topical anaesthetic and regional environment. The problem is eve more serious conditions, there is a trend in the warming of the Arctic, which leads to an accelerated release and distribution of substances in the environment. (Perelet R. 2006)What is the ecosystem get on?The term Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) was adopted by the FAO Technical Consultation on Ecosystembased Fisheries Management held in Reykjavik from 16 to 19 September 2002 (FAO, 2003). Thereby the EAF should be seen as an evolution of traditional fisheries commission and not as revolution. The term approach indicates that the concept delineates a way of taking ecosystem considerations into more conventional fisheries circumspection (Garcia et al., 2003). The Reykjavik FAO Expert Consultation (FAO, 2003) was introduced the main purpose of an ecosystem approach to fisheries is to plan, develop and manage fisheries in a manner that addresses the multiplicity of societal need in full and desires. (Kempf, 2009) to a lower place the World Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, the participants were committed to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries management within 2010 (Norwegian State Secretary Ulriksen, 2006). In 2003, the UNs Food and gardening Organisation (FAO, 2002) published guidelines for an ecosystem based management approach to fisheries. The guidelines emphasized that fisheries should be conducted to limit the stupor on ecosystems. Moreover, it also states that low-level and associated species being harvested should maintain their ecological relationship for further generation to be able to benefit from them.The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) (the US fisheries in the Bering Sea) was supposed that ecosystem approach to fisheries management should consider the interactions among fisheries and their t arget species, their direct and indirect impact on other species and this influence on target fisheries, as well as broader ecosystem actions such as humour, predate or play relationship and other socioeconomic activities (NPFMC71). The plan sees other activities that affect the marine ecosystem, such as communities, shipping, crude oil and gas development, and military. (Tonje Fingalsen, 2009)Arctic Marian EcosystemsThe Arctic is the habitat of more than 21,000 species, well adapted to cold mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates, plants and fungi, including lichens, as well as tens of thousands of species of microbes.The Arctic is a unique opportunity to spare large intact ecosystems to their original set of species. The implementation of this feature will help to preserve the integrity of Arctic biodiversity and sustainability of Arctic communities.Biodiversity in the Arctic is degraded, but the immediate adoption of decisive measures will help to keep extensive and relatively int act ecosystems tundra, mountains, fresh water, seas, and the procedure that they play in the livelihood of mankind.The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the worlds oceans (total area c. 10 million km2) and consists of a deep central basin, the Arctic lavabo, surrounded by continental shelves. The Arctic Basin is further divided by the Lomonosov ridge (maximum sill depth 1,870 m Jakobsson et al. 2008) into the Eurasian and Amerasian Basins. Maximum depths (c. 5,260 m) are found near the Gakkel Ridge, an extension of the North Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge system that divides the Eurasian Basin along a line from northern Greenland to the East Siberian shelf (Jakobsson et al. 2004). The Arctic Ocean has the most extensive shelves of any ocean, covering about 50% of its total area. The seeable marine Arctic comprises the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland Sea. The Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian an d Chukchi shelves are shoal and broad (400-800 km) while the shelvesArctic marine ecosystems are important constituents of global biodiversity. Arctic marine ecosystems are habitats to a vast array of over 5,000 animal species and over 2,000 species of algae and tens of thousands of microbes. The marine Arctic also provides habitat for large populations of marine mammals and birds, some of which form colonies that are among the largest seabird colonies on the planet.The unique characteristics of Arctic marine ecosystems also contribute directly to global diversity. For example, Arctic sea ice ecosystems support biodiversity at various scales ranging from unique microbial communities to apex vulture species such as the polar bear Ursus maritimus and walrus Odobaenus rosmarus whose ecology is closely associated with the sea ice environment.Indirectly, the Arctic Ocean plays a key role in shapingthe global biodiversity of marine and terrestrial ecosystemsas it plays an essential role in the Earth climatesystem. The Arctic Ocean also influences marine ecosystemsof the Atlantic Ocean directly, as waters and sea ice exiting the Arctic Ocean affect the sensible, chemical and biological characteristics of the North Atlantic. (Christine Michel, 2013)An Ecosystem Approach in the Arctic Ocean.Climate change affects the physical environment, with consequent impacts on ecosystems and species as well as the mobilization of contaminants. Human activity in the Arctic may increase due to improved get to and rising global demand for resources. Risks from pollution such as oil spills will increase as Arctic development proceeds. Pathways for invasive species to reach the Arctic will become more numerous as more ships travel north and more roads are built.More activity also way a great potential for habitat degradation. And more activity may mean more people, who may increase fishing and hunting pressures.The habitat needs of migratory species, long-range transport of persi stent contaminants, global shipping lanes and the geography of ecosystems do not follow political boundaries. Thus, planetary cooperation is increasingly needed to fully address the conservation challenges that face Arctic biodiversity now and in the decades to come. The recommendations that follow recognize the interconnected and transboundary nature of the challenges to biodiversity conservation in the Arctic and beyond. (Henry Huntington, 2013)The cumulative impact of anthropogenic pressures such as climate change, pollution, and overfishing is of great concern in the polar regions, where marine ecosystems already face extreme environmental conditions (Clarke and Harris, 2003). This situation applies to the Arctic Ocean, where early signs of global warming (ACIA, 2004) and significant levels of persistent bio-accumulating pollutants (UNEP, 2006) are superimposed on local Stressors. Climate change impacts are expected to be greater in the Arctic than in any other region and will result in important socioeconomic changes. For example, future scenarios of climate change hollo a reduction of the Arctic ice cover that will certainly lead to a significant increase in ship- ping, with new or heighten harbour infrastructures and facilities built on Arctic coasts (Brigham and Ellis, 2004). In addition to marine transportation, traditional activities like fishing and hunting, a reactivation of the oil and gas industry in the offshore zone, and emergent sectors like tourism have the potential to affect Arctic ecosystems as never before. (Siron et al.,2008)In 1999 was started the development of the Global Environment knack (GEF) Integrated ecosystem approach to biodiversity and minimize habitat fragmentation in the Russian Arctic. The ecosystem approach doesnt focus only on the regulation of certain types of fishing, but also ensures that the fishery absent a negative impact on the species associated with the target species or dependent. Given the inherent complexi ty of the ecosystem approach, it is not surprising that organizations refer in fisheries management, ecosystem usually ignores questions and focus on species, are subject to specific fisheries.In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD, Johannesburg) noted that human-induced threats to biodiversity bear urgent action, and for achieving progress in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is the ecosystem approach set out in the decisions taken in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. WSSD welcomed in its final document the application by 2010 of the ecosystem approach, noting the Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem and of the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.In 2002, the Declaration of the Third Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council (Inari) gave a positive assessment of the GEF project Integrated Ecosystem Approach to Conserve Biodiversity and pore violations of ha bitats in the Russian Arctic (ECORA) as an integrated ecosystem approach to the management of natural resources, in which individuals and communities improve their ability to make responsible decisions about their natural habitat.In 2004, the Reykjavik Declaration on the Strategic Plan for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (AMSP), it is observed that the basis of AMSP put the ecosystem approach, and there was a call for Member States, working groups of the Arctic Council and relevant regional and international bodies to encourage application of this approach to the Arctic marine environment.The ecosystem approach is the key commandment proposed to meet the long-term goals of the Arctic Councils Arctic Marine Strategic Plan to reduce and prevent pollution, conserve marine biodiversity and ecosystem functions, promote the health and prosperity of Arctic inhabitants, and advance sustainable marine resource use (Arctic Council, 2004). The Strategic Plan for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment recognizes the need on the basis of international agreements contribute to global control and reduction of production in the Arctic found dangerous chemicals.Fingalsen T. supposed that the greatest fear in the Arctic is an oil spill. How the petroleum company is going to clean it up, especially from the ice? Twenty years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound cannot be perceived as clean. crude spills might be rare, but it we still dont know the long term consequences on how an oil spill and seismic exploration affects sea mammals. The petroleum industry might create jobs, but how important is this if it interferes with the way of life of the indigenous peoples? (Fingalsen T, 2009)The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine lifespan Resources (CCAMLR) has developed an ecosystem approach to fisheries management. This approach doesnt concentrate exclusively on industrial species. The main goal is prevent the harmful influe nce of fishing on the dependent and related species.Unlike other multilateral agreements on Fisheries Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources is engaged not only the regulation of fishing, but is also responsible for the preservation of the ecosystem. Such an ecosystem approach, which considers the entire Southern Ocean as a set of interconnected ecosystems, the case for other multilateral agreements on fisheries.The ecosystem approach does not focus exclusively on the species, non-target species. This approach aims to avoid situations in which fishing has an adverse influence on their dependent and associated species (animals with which people compete for food resources).ConclusionLarge areas of the Arctic is still relatively little change, which makes it possible to take proactive measures to minimize or even complete prevention of future problems, the elimination which would be very expensive or simply impossible.For the conservation of biological dive rsity in the Arctic ecosystem approach is needed to the examination of projects implemented here, to assess the possible environmental impact of their implementation, the ecosystem approach to fisheries planning biological resources, taking into account possible changes in climate and ecosystem change, the value of ecosystem functions in the assessment of projects and planning fishing bioresources as well as the choice of options for the development of the Arctic regions.More and more countries (including the Arctic circumpolar countries) will incorporate ecosystem approach into their national legislation and policy instruments for the management of activities and resources in marine areas under their jurisdiction. Optimally, national approaches will be compatible and reproducible with each other, though not necessarily similar. Work with this species in the Arctic-wide level will not be easyReference listFingalsen T. (2009) Arctic Governance and Human Economic Interest An Ecosyste m Management Approach to Arctic Stakeholders. Bod Graduate School of Business, Norway.Fisheries and Aquaculture topics. Fisheries governance. Topics Fact Sheets. in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department online. Rome. Retrieved 15 October 2014 from http//www.fao.org/fishery/topic/2014/en.Garcia, S.M. Zerbi, A. Aliaume, C. Do Chi, T. Lasserre, G. (2003). The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, FAO. 71 p.Huntington H. (2013) Arctic Biodiversity Assessment Report for Policy Makers. Conservation of Arctic Flora and fauna (CAFF). Akureyri, Iceland. Retrieved 20 October 2014 from http//www.arcticbiodiversity.is/the-report/report-for-policy-makers.Kempf A. (2010) Ecosystem approach to fisheries in the European context history and future challenges. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, pp. 102-109.Michel C. Chapter 14. Marine Ecosystems. Arctic Biodiversity Asses sment. Conservation of Arctic Flora and creature (CAFF). 2013, Akureyri, Iceland. Retrieved 1 November 2014 from http//www.arcticbiodiversity.is/the-report/chapters/marine-ecosystems.Perelet R. (2006) The ecosystem approach to environmental management and environmental management. Management of the economy, pp. 34 50.Siron R., Sherman K., Skjoldal H.R., Hiltz E. (2008) Ecosystem-Based Management in the Arctic Ocean A Multi-Level Spatial Approach. Arctic, Vol. 61, Supplement 1 Arctic Change and Coastal Communities, pp. 86-102.Shuntov V.P., Temnykh O.S. (2013) Illusions and realities of ecosystem approach to study and management of marine and oceanic biological resources, pp. 329.