How Does Social Inequality Effect A Child s Educational...

How does social inequality effect a child’s educational achievement in England? Introduction There have been many different theories, debates and discussions regarding the relationship between educational achievement and social class of children. I will be discussing these points of views using a range of resources to support my statement. Social class can be referred to as; ‘’large groups of people differing from each other in terms of the place the occupy in a determined system of social production, mostly by there role, wealth and the mode of requiring that wealth’’ (Vladimir Lenin, 1919). This includes the upper class, middle class and working class. Children enter the education system from all different backgrounds and leave with different experiences and results. According to statistics and data taken from the The Youth Cohort Study (2007) it shows that middle class children on average perform better than working class children. This is because the poorest and most disadvantaged homes are the ones that achieve the lowest results. This problem has been identified as a policy concern for all three major political parties in the United Kingdom (UK). In December 2007, the government published a plan called ‘Building brighter futures’it has been designed to eradicate child poverty and social division. Ed balls said that he wanted England to be ‘ the best place in the world for our children and young people to grow up ’ (GOV, 2007). Historical development of socialShow MoreRelatedMain Features Of Progressive Education1243 Words   |  5 Pagessociety and globally in a wider context. Movement and changes of education trends also influence political agenda, school policies, educators, students themselves and their families mutually. Defining a good primary school should be in consideration of social, cultural and economic aspects of our contemporary society in the 21st century. In that sense, a progressive education philosophy is considered important for a good primary school in its psychological and sociological features. This essay will discussRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1737 Words   |  7 PagesFirst, what is the achievement gap? According to the achievement gap in education refers to systematic variances in the ability to learn between students from majority populations and students from minority populations. The most significant effort made by the federal government to improve the nation s schools and student learning is the 2002 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). The ESEA was largely designed to address the achievement gap in multicultural educationRead MoreIs This Truly The Case? If So, What Are The Reasons For1427 Words   |  6 PagesIs this truly the case? If so, what are the reasons for this broad range of inequality in our education system? The answer is; yes, this is the case, and it can be proven statistically. There are two definitive reasons why. First is the inflated cost of education in America. Secondly is the inability of poor families to acquire the substantial financial capital that is required to pay for a quality education for their children. Both of these conclusions can be supported with a cost analysis of educationRead MoreSocial Inequality And Social Class Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesThe idea of social inequality dates back since the time of our founding fathers. The mistreatment and unlawful equality and opportunit y that these foreigners received became embedded into our history—this endless list includes, just to name a few, the Irish, Chinese, Jews, and most notably the African Americans (Blacks), who became slaves to the American people. Here in the United States, the current social class system is known as the class system, where families are distributed and placed intoRead MoreIncome Inequality And Educational Achievement Essay2199 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Income inequality: How NZ is one of the worst in the world† (Fyers Kirk 2015) â€Å"Income inequality stunts NZ growth – OECD† (Fallow, 2014) Income inequality, we hear about it on the news and read about it in the papers but what does this mean for New Zealand. â€Å"Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population† (Institute for Policy Studies, 2016). Since the 1980’s New Zealand gap between the rich and poor that has been increasing fasterRead MoreThe Influence of Race and Ethnicity on a Persons Educational Level1900 Words   |  8 Pagesrace and ethnicity on a person’s educational level. I was born and raised in the Dominican Republic where, within my social group, schooling and education was deemed as an essential part of life. In the United States, however, there exist a greater number of racial and ethnic groups, and it is evident that an achievement gap exists among these groups. Here, Dominicans are marginalized as part of a Hispanic minority group that does not achieve the educational status of other groups, such as WhitesRead MoreInequality in British Schools2111 Words   |  9 Pagesthere a problem of Inequality in British schools? The educational system is one of the most influential institutions in society as it provides young people with a vast amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills. These are acquired formally through set lessons or informally through the ‘hidden curriculum’ which provides the unofficial and unplanned consequences of school experience. Social Inequality is one of the major preoccupations of sociology. The relationship between inequality and education hasRead MoreThe Hierarchy Of Race And Ethnic Groups1351 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important jobs, the secondary socialization role: teaching norms and values, social control: teaching acceptance of rules and authority, and social cohesion: learning about other cultures.† Functionalists tend to think we all have the same opportunities from the start of school, and that it is up to the individual on what he or she decides to with those opportunities. Thus, in a functionalist perspective, inequality is not an issue; a func tionalist would say you have the same opportunities whereasRead MoreImpact of Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance4432 Words   |  18 PagesEffects of Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance Name Instructor Introduction Problem statement America today faces an issue of epic proportion that is critically essential. An issue that continues to affect her economy, challenge her highest ideals as well as reducing the competitiveness of her workforce, an issue that is deeply rooted her history, her society as well as her culture. The issue in question here is education inequality. This project explores the belief thatRead MoreThe Black White Achievement Gap1462 Words   |  6 Pagesnot successfully closed the achievement gap. These students’ are generally lower performing that whites and Asians and sometimes lower than Hispanic and/or socio-economically disadvantaged. According to Sohn (2012) the phenomenon of the black white achievement gap has returned. Slaven and Madden (2006) assert â€Å"The gap in academic achievement between African American (as well as Latino) children and their White peers is arguably the most important of all educational problems in the U.S.† (p. 389)

What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Animal Testing

Introduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such as medicine, ethics and economy. Main Body. Science. According to article â€Å"Pro Con Arguments: Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing? animal testing it is very useful for mankind. Because of these people have found new drugs and methods of treatment of serious diseases. As an example we can use discovery of insulin, which save lives of diabetics. Or polio vaccine, which has decreased mortality almost 1570 times from 350000 in 1988 to 223 cases in 2012 (Polio vaccine). In additional to this treating of cancer, childhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, malaria, tuberculosis and brain injury were developed. As director of the University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center’s animal research facility, Chris Abee said: â€Å"We wouldn’t have a vaccine for hepatitis B without chimpanzees† ( Once invaluable, research chimps now devalued). Today people hope that animal testing help in the future find new methods for incurable diseases. All of this examplesShow MoreRelatedPre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology 1000 Words   |  4 PagesPre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology safety pharmacology studies. In preclinical research, scientists test their ideas for new biomedical prevention strategies in laboratory experiments or in animals. â€Å"Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) can be seen as two sides of the same coin. PK and PD have a definite relationship, assessing how much drug gets to the site of action and then what that action is. Both activities are essentialRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Animal Testing1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Each year in USA laboratories more then 100 million animals are burned, poisoned and lamed (Top 5 Shocking Animal Experimentation Facts). Each year scientists use animals in order to progress, to improve life of people and animals. However, many testing animals suffer and die. But others do not agree and support the fact that we should use animals because of advance. So what are advantages and disadvantages of using animals? This problem will be researched from different areas such asRead MoreLiving Conditions, Diet And Reproduction Is Not The Only Problems Associated With Commercial Farming897 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals living conditions, diet and reproduction is not the only problems associated with commercial farming. Hamburgers and hot dogs these are American foods but how does it get there on our plate. Do people know how the animals are slaughtered or do they even care. Slaughter this means killing of animals for human consumption. When it comes to the slaughtering of animals I think the majority of people don’t care that the animals are being killed to be eaten. The thing that causes the controversyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testi ng, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Food Production1164 Words   |  5 Pagesexplaining the advantages and disadvantages of sustainable and conventional farming. I will also be explain how we could make the negatives turn to a positives. AS food production is going to be a lot harder in the further we need to find out which one is going to be the best at producing on a mass scale but working with the environment at the same time. Advantages of conventional farming: Conventional farming is the only way of feeding our overpopulated planet. The first advantage of conventionalRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned971 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing When it comes to the topic of animal testing, most of us will readily agree that the use of animals as research for the purpose of the humans concerns, that the drug is efficacy with the cosmetics to endeavor controversy and may have experience discomfort, suffering towards animals. â€Å"As the consumer in Europe would not have access to any new products, because we can’t really ensure that some of the ingredient’s will be safe to be without suitable an adequate testing†. Where thisRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering has been a major topic of discussion ever since Dolly the sleep was cloned. Its raises ethical, moral and religious questions due to the fact it is tampering with the makeup of organisms, and certain religions believe it is not our right to do this. Genetic engineering involves the re-arranging of DNA sequences, artificial horizontal gene transfer and cloning. There has been little progressRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1415 Words   |  6 Pagestheir benefits and limitations regarding individuals, families, and society. The paper covers the screening and treatment for diabetes and what methods are used to prevent it development. The paper also contains information regarding In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and its benefits for individuals and families. The use stems cells and its advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. Analyze the benefits and limitations of genetic and reproductive sciences for individuals, families, and societyRead MoreHello1309 Words   |  6 Pages2016 The Morality of Animal Testing in Cosmetic Companies Preface The ethical treatment of animal testing is a controversial topic in the field of zoology. Different aspects on animal testing range from positivity to negativity. Animals such as dogs and rats are used for experimental trials because they have been found to have psychological and genetic correlations that relate to humans. Although the benefits and improvements to modern medicine made it possible to ban animal experimentation completelyRead MoreWhat Does A Drink Affects People s Memory?1067 Words   |  5 Pagesnot the other and then give them a memory test. An advantage of experiments is that the researcher can prove weather one variables causes a certain outcome. Correlational study is when a researcher is examining the relationship between two or more variables. A purpose of this is to see if two or more things can have an impact one each other. An advantage to this is that researchers can see if two variables relate to each other. And a disadvantage is that people may take in t hat just because the variables

Australian Attitudes Towards Japanese Immigration

Question: Compare and contrast Australian attitudes towards immigration with ONE of the United States or Korea or another country in East Asia? Answer: Introduction The word Aussie was used during World War I, which referred to people born in Australia but their ancestry is from British or Irish. The word Aussie was practically employed after World War II to distinguish the people who were born in Australia and those who were immigrants from Western and Southern countries of Europe. Therefore the word Aussie has a Eurocentric and Anachronistic meaning which shows the commitment of Australia towards the ethnic and religious diversity (E.L. Piesse, 2004). Australia has shown momentous progress towards the multicultural integrated society. Before 1970, Australia was following the policy of White Australians where the migrants or people from different nations were forced to give up their cultural identify and adopt Australian religion and culture (DIAC, 2008). Such migrants were not provided basic services and had no or very little involvement in politics. They were not provided full citizenship right despite of adopting Australian culture. The Anglo-Australian community were totally against the migrants from various countries like America, Asia etc (Shiobara, 2009). In fact the Australians who were from different cultural backgrounds were themselves experiencing the fanatical experiences, for e.g. their places of worship were seen as the place for invading the outsiders and was considered to be a threat to the life of Australians (Jame, 1962). The era between 1981 and 2000, the Asian migrants into Australia have increased from lakhs to millions. The majority of ethnic group present in one of the Sydneys suburb Cabramatta are the Vietnamese group (Nagata, 1990). The Cabramatta symbolises the presence of multicultural signs and integration of various cultures. There is one monument named Freedom Plaza in Cabramatta which is a meeting place for various communities. This place depicts the Asian style lion statues, colours, gardens and artefacts. Australia is the classical country of immigration. The Australian population compared from 1947 to 1994 has increased from 7 million to 18 million people. This increase in population is because of these migrants. The total count of Indigenous people in Australia is just 2% of the total population and immigrants counts 23%. Reason for entry of Immigrants After the completion of Second Wold War, Australian government started an immigration program in order to increase the Australian population and enhance the economic growth. The main aim behind this immigration program was to give entry to immigrants from British, but instead of British immigrants a huge proportion came from North, South and East Europe between 1950 and 1960 (Nagata, 2000). There was a recession in 1970 because of which new immigrants from Asia, New Zealand, Latin America and Middle East were welcomed. This whole program of immigration was a planned policy to recruit people from different nations for expansion programs of Australia (J. Armstrong, 1999). But the consequences of these immigration programs were unforeseen. People coming from different nations with different cultural background and religions continued practising their own worshipping style and ethnics was not predicted by the architects of the migration programs. Immigrants from Japan During World War II, majority of the Japanese entered Australia. The reason why Japanese travelled Australia was that they were attracted by the sugar cane and pearl industry in North-Eastern Australia. But after sometime the Japanese workers realised that they are caged by Australian industry and are forced to work in Sugar cane and Pearl industry till they repay their debts (Christine, 2014). The life of Japanese labourers was getting very tough and hard and were treated very harshly form the Australian government. Despite of working under dangerous conditions like cyclones, shark attacks, the Japanese labourers proved to be strong and highly skilled and thus they enjoyed lucrative positions in workforce. These Japanese divers working in pearl industry were from poor villages of Japan. The pay given to these workers as per Australian standards was very low but in comparison to their village earning it was very much sufficient. The Japanese divers signed two year contracts after completion of contracts they returned back to Japan. But few of the Japanese stayed there by marrying the local women. Internment of Japanese in World War II We all are very well aware of Japanese Internment in US and Canada but very few of us know that Japanese were interned by the Australians too. The reason why the Australians treatment towards Japanese was not in news was the number of Japanese in Australia in comparison to United States and Canada. There were around 1,12,200 Japanese interned by US and around twenty two thousand by Canada. But in Australia the number was very low to only four thousand. The reason why the number of Japanese immigrants in Australia was low because in 1940 the Japanese sensed the turmoil of war and decided to return back to their home country Japan. During the war the Japanese workers working in pearl industry, the elder and long term residents who were staying before the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 were jailed during the Second World War (Christine, 2014). Why Japanese were Interned The Australian government decided to intern the Japanese as they were viewed threat towards the national security. These Japanese workers were seen with a suspicious eye of being spies. Therefore during the world war these Japanese were jailed by the Australian government. Almost all the Japanese were jailed because they were more noticeable in the Australian population and were absorbed in the Australia like Germans and Italians. After 1942, some sought of relaxation was given to Japanese by allowing them to appeal against their internment on the basis of their long stay in Australia, poor health or old age (Christine, 2014). But they were afraid of filing the appeal because they believed that the war is on peak and local citizens are against them and once they are freed they will be badly treated by the Australian citizens. Thus they decided to stay safer by internment. The minimum duration of internment was four years. Struggle of Japanese War brides Initially the Japanese men immigrated in Australia, their wives were not able to enter Australia as the application and approval process was very tedious thus preventing Japanese wives to enter Australia. Thus Japanese women preferred marrying Japanese soldiers instead of service men, because while marrying soldiers these ladies were treated as traitors of the country. In Australia these war brides were termed as prostitutes or gold-diggers because of this they felt ashamed of such negative connotations (Ibid., p. 170). When the women married an Australian soldier they were forced to convert into Christianity which led to the loss of Japanese culture (Tokita, 2007). So Japanese women who wanted to enter Australia they married Australian soldiers so that they can overcome the problems related to bureaucracy, cultural and health they faced. After getting entry their life was not easy still they had to face the problem of language. Japanese war brides were not able to speak fluent Engli sh, cannot adopt the eating habits. They missed their soya sauce and were asked to cook typical Australian dishes and meat (Jared, 2004). Challenges faced by Japanese immigrants For Japanese it was not easy to enter Australia, leaving behind all his friends and family and wife too. Australia was totally new for them their culture, language and religion was totally different. Moving into a new country is more stressful rather than exciting. The reason Japanese entered Australia was the pearl industry and Sugar cane industry. They were paid more in comparison to Japan. These immigrants were from poor villages and whatever wages they were getting from Australia was much more they would have earned in their home town (Manabu, 2009). These immigrants came to Australia to find better job and earnings, as they were not able to speak English they faced serious challenges by the local public. As cited by Cathy, Japanese faced racism and faced difficult time in health issues. They were not provided better treatment; they were deprived of good doctors and medicines. The jobs they were doing were full of risks and faced life threatening diseases. Attitude of Local public for Japanese workers The Japanese workers were hard workers and worked for long hours. The Japanese divers working in pearl industry showed resentment because they excelled in their deep sea diving. Because of this the local Australian public showed suspicions that these Japanese workers who are working at cheap wages, for long hours will take away the jobs of White-Australians (Oliver, 2006). The trade unions also raised their concerns regarding these immigrants. If they continue working at low wages and harsh working conditions, it will lower the working conditions of Australian workers. This was the reason why Australian local public formed racist beliefs keeping the non-whites out of Australia (Swirk) The Australians have gradually adopted the cultures and religions of various immigrants entered Australia at the time of War. These immigrants who settled in Australia by marrying the local citizens or earned the citizenship started following their cultural style. Thus this led to multiculturalism in Australian society. With such different culture dwelling today, Australia has huge range of food styles, arts, paintings, monuments and various cultural programs (Hone, 2008). This shows that gradually the attitude of Australians towards immigration changed and they favoured their entrance and allowed them to depict their ethnicity and culture. CONCLUSION From the above essay we conclude saying that during 19th century the Japanese population in Australia was comparatively small. During 1886, leaving the boundaries of Japan was a capital offence, but later in the 19th century Japanese started entering Australia and showed their good skills in pearl and sugar industry. But when the Immigration Restriction Act was passed by Australia in 1901, it restricted the entrance of all non-European and Japanese. But looking at the talents and skills of Japanese workers they were allowed to land in Australia and were also exempted from the dictation test which was required for extending their residency in Australia. At the time of War against Japan, the Japanese population staying in Australia was jailed and were freed when the war was over. During this time the immigration from Japan was banned. But with the end of War the Japanese population increased and they were allowed to work on contract basis (Murakami, 1999). In 1911, the service industry of Australia got influx with Japanese troops in form of laundry men, house-keepers and other low grade jobs (Pam, 2006). The Japanese females took prostitution for their survival. At the time of White Australian policy, few of the Japanese workers were allowed to stay in Australia and they were the crew members, divers working in pearl extraction industry, merchants and students who were given temporary entry. Thus for generations, Japan has been seen with suspicion by Australians. Japan has been a subject of Australian articles and cartoons depicting the future invader of Australia. The local citizens got so tensed that Japanese with their hard works and growing population will take over the Australian population. Australians believed that Japanese are spying on their natural resources and armaments (Wood, 1998). But practically it did not happened as the Australian government took regulatory actions to control the immigrations happening in Australia REFERENCES Cathy Pearl. Challenges Immigrants face. Ed Helper. Available at https://edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_54_365.html Christine Piper. Feb 2014. Japanese in Australia: From Meiji to World War II. Discover Nikkei: Japanese migrants and their descendents. Available at https://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2014/2/25/japanese-in-australia/ DIAC. 2008. Community Information Summary: Japan-born (Canberra: Department of Immigration and Citizenship). Available at: https://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications /statistics/comm-summ/ index.htm. E.L. Piesse. 2004. Japan and Australia. Foreign Affairs. Available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68687/e-l-piesse/japan-and-australia Hone, S. 2008, War Love, Signals: The Quarterly Magazine of the Australian National Maritime Museum, No. 85, December 2008 - February 2009, pp. 10-15. Ibid., p. 170. According to Ogawas interviews with former divers, White prostitutes also came to work during the lay-up season. T. Ogawa, p. 175. Aspects of Japanese Immigration to Queensland before 1990. Available at https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246307/Qld_heritage_v2_no9_1973_p3_p9.pdf Jame Jupp. 1962. Australias migration history. Migration heritage centre. Available at https://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/belongings-home/about-belongings/australias-migration-history/ Jared Denman. 2004. Japanese wives in Japanese-Australian intermarriages. The university of Queensland. New Voice Volume 3. Available at https://newvoices.jpf-sydney.org/3/chapter4.pdf Manabu Shimasawa, Kazumasa Oguro. 2009. The impact of immigration on the Japanese Economy: A multi-country simulation model. The Research Institute of economy, trade and industry. Available at https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246307/Qld_heritage_v2_no9_1973_p3_p9.pdf Nagata, Y. 1990, A Foot in the Door Easing of Restrictions on Entry of Japanese into Australia after WWII (abstract), in Australia and Asia: Meeting the Challenge of the Future, Eighth Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, 2-5 July 1990, Griffith University, Queensland. Nagata, Y. 2001, Lost in Space: Ethnicity and Identity of Japanese-Australians 1945- 1960s, Changing Histories: Australia and Japan edited by P. Jones P. Oliver, Monash Asia Institute, pp. 85-99. Nagata, Yuriko. 1996. Unwanted Aliens: Japanese Internment in Australia. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. Oliver, Pam. 2007. Japanese relationships in White Australia: The Sydney experience to 1941. History Australia 4 (1): pp. 5.1 to 5.20. DOI: 10.2104/ha070005. Pam Oliver. 2006. Japanese relationships in white Australia. The Sydney experience to 1941. Available at https://journals.publishing.monash.edu/ojs/index.php/ha/article/viewFile/344/356 Shiobara, Y. 2005. Middle-class Asian Immigrants and Welfare Multiculturalism: A Case Study of a Japanese Community Organisation in Sydney. Asian Studies Review, vol. 29 ,pp. 395-414. Swirk. History of racist fear and attitudes. White Australia: Immigration Restriction Act 1901. Available at https://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-14_u-127_t-350_c-1213/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/nsw/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/australia-to-1914/white-australia-immigration-restriction-act-1901 The changing face of Modern Australia 1950-1970s. Nov, 2013. Australian Government. Available at https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/changing-face-of-modern-australia-1950s-to-1970s Tokita, A. Aug, 2007. Marriage and the Australia-Japan Relationship. Paper presented at International Conference of the Japan Studies Association of Canada. Available at: https://udo.arts. yorku.ca/jsac/jsac2007/. Civilised Asian: Images of Japan and the Japanese as viewed by Australians from the early 19th century to 1901, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, p. 168. Yuriko Nagata. 2004. The Japanese in Torres Strait. Canberra, Pandanus book. Pg138-159. Available at https://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/nagata_japanese_tsi.pdf

Libya Moammar Gaddafi

Introduction Libya is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Situated in North Africa, the country has its capital in Tripoli. It is associated with a relatively small population that mainly consists of Arab ethnic groups. Libya’s economy thrives on the export of oil and the manufacturing sector. Being a socialist country, resource allocation is determined by government policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Libya: Moammar Gaddafi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The political system in the country is poorly developed and is characterized by lack of democracy, crime against humanity and lack of freedom (Daoud, 2011). Consequently, the country has recently faced serious political unrest that has attracted the interest of the international community. This paper analyzes the leadership of the country’s rule, Moammar Gaddafi, before the political unrest. The political, economic and social situation in Libya will be illuminated. Aspects of the Government Nearly all aspects of the government of Libya are influenced by Gaddafi. He has ignored the country’s constitution and introduced his own political ideologies outlined in his publication referred to as the Green Book (Simpkins, 2010). The executive branch of the government consists of the ‘Jamahiriya sector’ led by a prime minister and is responsible for running the government. It also consists of the ‘revolution sector’ led by Gaddafi. The â€Å"revolution sector is not elected and has unlimited term in office† (Simpkins, 2010). Besides, it dictates and influences all decisions made by the Jamahiriya sector. The legislative consists of the â€Å"General People’s Congress (GPC) which is made up of 2700 members† (Peters, 2006). It is responsible for appointing the cabinet and key government officers. However, all appointments are approved by Gaddafi through the revolution se ctor. Elections are done indirectly through various Congress representatives and only those approved by the revelation sector are elected. Political parties are prohibited in the country. The judiciary is controlled by the revolution sector and the constitution is based on Islamic law and Italian civil law (Peters, 2006). However, â€Å"the revolution sector has veto powers over the constitution† (Mittelman, 2011). The government controls all aspects of the economy. These trends show that Gaddafi exercises autocratic rule through the revolution sector. This gives him the opportunity to influence all aspects of the government through his political ideologies. Gaddafi’s Power Base as an Undisputed Leader Gaddafi’s autocratic rule has been perpetuated by the political structure he created in the country and his influence over the military. The country’s military is not independent and is being led directly by Gaddafi and his loyal generals. He has used his p ower over the military to avert political opposition from both internal and external interest groups.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He has also established a ‘revolution court’ that handles cases related to â€Å"political and crime against the state† (Simpkins, 2010). As the head of the revolution sector, he has full control over the ‘revolution court’ and can thus use it to suppress political opposition. The veto power of the revolution sector gives him the opportunity to manipulate the constitution in order to justify his leadership (Mittelman, 2011). Besides, he influences the outcomes of elections since only those approved by the revolution sector are elected. This means that his political opponents can not be elected to any public office. Even though the GPC is supposed to be an independent body, he uses its members to spy on political opposit ion. Due to his influence in the government, he has been able to use state resources to defeat his political opponents. These trends describe Gaddafi’s power base and are responsible for his extended rule. Standard of Living in Libya Despite the political discontent associated with his leadership, Gaddafi has facilitated improvements in the social welfare of his subjects. Before the current political unrest, â€Å"Libya’s infant mortality rate was the lowest in Africa† (Bruce, 2009). The country’s life expectancy was 74 years which was the highest in the continent. Unlike other African countries, Libya has been able to feed over 95% of its population from its resources. For example, in early 2011, the government eliminated all taxes on food imports following the rise in food prices in the international market (Bruce, 2009). This was meant to improve food distribution. Even though the government controls the economy, distribution of wealth has been relativ ely uniform. Currently, the country has the highest â€Å"gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity per capita of $ 15,000† (Bruce, 2009). The government has been able to help over 93% of the population to live above the poverty line. Distribution of key services such as education and health has been done fairly through subsidies and special considerations to disadvantaged groups (Solomon, 2008). Therefore, inequality is relatively low in the country. However, corruption and inefficiency in the government is still a threat to achieving higher levels of equality. Law and Order Libya’s constitution is based on Italian civil law and Sunni Islamic laws that provide the framework for maintaining law and order in the country (Simpkins, 2010). The judicial system is characterized by a hierarchy of courts. These include the summary courts, courts of first instance, appeal court and Supreme Court. Freedom of speech is limited in the country (Peters, 2006). The gov ernment has control over the state owned and privately owned media. Any statements against the government are prohibited and punishable. Civil liberty is also limited in the country. For example, freedom of association through unions and political parties are prohibited (Peters, 2006). Collective bargains are also discouraged by the government. Cases of forced labor have also been reported especially in the military. The judicial system is ineffective since it is influenced by the government. The crime rate in the country is relatively law as compared to other African countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Libya: Moammar Gaddafi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is attributed to the severe punishments associated with the Islamic laws used in the country (Peters, 2006). For example, striking workers can be imprisoned for very many years and capital punishment is still in common use (Peters, 2006). Acts of terror are minimal within the country. However, the country’s government has always been accused of sponsoring acts of terror in Western territories. Relationship with Foreign Powers In 1970s the country focused on establishing political ties with Middle East countries such as Palestine. During this time it focused on countering the influence of Western countries in Africa as well as Middle East. Thus it closed â€Å"UK’s and America’s embassies in its territories† (Swart Solomon, 2008). Libya also established strong political ties with the former Soviet Union due to their bilateral trade in weapons. However, the relationship ended in 1987 when Libya breached the terms and conditions of using the weapons (Swart Solomon, 2008). Following the failure of Arab countries to challenge UN’s sanctions on Libya in 1990s, the country terminated its relationship with most countries in Middle East. Consequently, the country has focused on establishing bilat eral relationships with â€Å"neighboring North African countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and Sub-Sahara African countries† (Swart Solomon, 2008) in the last ten years. From 2003, the country decided to open up to the international community through trade and participation in international bodies. For example, it served for two years as the representative of Africa in the UN Security Council (Swart Solomon, 2008). Currently, Libya trades with European countries such as Italy and Germany. At the moment, the country has its greatest affiliation to African countries especially in the North and East of the continent due to three reasons. First, Gaddafi is committed to establishing a United Africa with a central government (Bruce, 2009). Thus he needs to win the support of most African countries. Second, most African countries are its trade partners (Bruce, 2009). The country sells its oil in Africa and imports its food from the same. Finally, most African leaders suppor t Gaddafi’s political ideologies of de facto leadership (Swart Solomon, 2008). This forms the basis of his association with such leaders and their countries. Economic and Educational Development Libya has one of the most stable economies in Africa and this can be justified by the following trends. In 2009, it realized a â€Å"real GDP of $ 85.00 billion† (John, 2009). The country’s GDP per capita over the same period was $ 13,400 which was the highest in Africa (John, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the growth in the country’s real GDP reduced in 2009 by 0.7% due to the financial crisis (John, 2009). Currently the growth rate of its GDP has picked up as the effects of the financial crisis recede. Oil and natural gas are the main natural resources in the country. Agriculture is least developed due poor climate and soil. However, it produces wheat, barley and fruits. Currently, it imports 75% of its foodstuffs. Petroleum, textile and food processing are the main industries in the country. Libya’s export in 2009 was valued at â€Å"34.24 billion while its imports over the same period totaled 22.11 billion† (John, 2009). This means that it had a surplus of trade which is very rare in Africa. The education system in Libya is highly subsidized by the government with elementary education being compulsory. However, there are inadequate qualified Libyan teachers. Besides, the â€Å"secondary school enrollment rate especially among female students is very l ow† (John, 2009). Higher education and training is also not well development due to government’s interference with the activities of Universities. The institutions of higher learning are also not enough and this explains why the government sponsors its students to pursue higher education in foreign countries. Reasons for the Discontent The political discontent in Libya occurred due to the following reasons. First, the citizens were interested in regaining their liberty and freedom (Hillston, 2011). The political reforms demanded by the public include a wider democratic space and a functioning judicial system. Second, the government was not popular due its crime against humanity (Gatung, 2011). It has been accused of detaining citizens for years without trail, torture and use of excessive force on those opposed to it. Third, Gaddafi has isolated Libya from other countries for a long time. Consequently, the citizens want to be integrated with the rest of the world in orde r to enjoy the economic, social and political benefits associated with such integration. Finally, the socialist government is corrupt and inefficient in achieving rapid economic growth (Hillston, 2011). Thus the citizens are interested in a free market system that encourages private ownership of property and competition. Therefore, the main causes of the discontent are lack of civil liberty, lack of freedom and too much of government involvement in the economy. Priority Problems In order to achieve rapid restoration of peace and stability in Libya, the following problems should be given priority. First, lack of civil liberty and freedom must be addressed as soon as possible. This is because it is the main cause of the current political discontent (Hillston, 2011). The citizens will be satisfied with government of the day if they are able to exercise their freedom and enjoy their civil rights as provided for by the constitution (Linlelater, 2000). Second, democratic space should be e xpanded in Libya. The widespread political opposition will only stop if the citizens are given an opportunity to expresses their political opinions. Besides, the citizens’ political opinions must be honored in order to ensure stability (Mittelman, 2011). This means that the citizens must be given an opportunity to elect their leaders directly. In order to ensure credibility of the elections, the voting process should be facilitated by an independent body. Third, significant reforms are required in the government. Key aspects of the government such as the judiciary and the legislature should be empowered in order to achieve their purposes. The various branches of the government must have clearly defined responsibilities and the autonomy to execute their duties in order to maintain their effectiveness. The citizens’ concerns such as lack of freedom and political oppression can be addressed if the government has well developed institutions and frameworks that facilitate s ocial and political change (Peters, 2006). Finally, economic reforms are needed in the country. Even though the quality of life is high, the rate of economic growth is still low and the distribution of resources is not efficient. This is attributed to the inefficiency of the socialist government in promoting economic activities in the country. Thus the government’s involvement in the economy should be minimized. This will help in improving efficiency in distribution of resources. Besides, it will facilitate rapid economic growth. Steps I would take to Change the Country As Libya’s leader, I would address the above mentioned problems as follows. In order to implement political reforms, I would restructure the government. I would abolish the revolution sector and its veto power over the constitution and all other branches of the government. The executive branch of my government would consist of an elected president, a vice president and a cabinet of qualified professiona ls. I would establish an independent judicial system. This would involve eliminating the revolution court and replacing it with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the country. The judges would be approved by the legislature before being appointed in order to prevent corruption and nepotism (Weber, 2009). An independent and effective judicial system will help in protecting the rights and freedom of the citizens (Roskin, 2006). I would also establish a legislative branch that is directly elected by the citizens instead of congressional representatives. This would help in improving democracy since the citizens’ decisions on leadership will be implemented through their vote. I would facilitate the formation of political parties and introduce regular national elections conducted by an independent body. I would abolish the Green Book and amend the current constitution in order to incorporate the views and political concerns of the citizens. The legislature would be responsib le for the formulation and interpretation of laws. This would help in protecting the rights of the citizens (Mittelman, 2011). My economic reforms would involve limiting government’s role in the economy to regulation, enforcing law and order and protecting the citizens from potential exploitations by the producers in order to improve efficiency. However, I would maintain subsidies especially in education and healthcare sectors in order to improve the welfare of the population (Roskin, 2006). Finally, I would focus on integrating the country with the rest of the world by establishing political ties with most countries. This will not only help in changing the world’s perception of Libya, but will also open up business opportunities for the country (Weber, 2009). Deployment of Resources I would adopt a hybrid system to facilitate efficient distribution of resources. This means that I would adopt the concepts of both socialism and capitalism in order to achieve equality an d rapid economic growth. My decision is based on the following reasons. First, the current socialist system facilitates corruption and nepotism in resource distribution (Bruce, 2009). Second, it has succeeded in promoting equality but has failed to enhance rapid economic growth. Third, a capitalist system would encourage inequality since the poor will not be able to access most services such healthcare and education. However, it would encourage rapid economic growth through â€Å"profit maximization, competition and freedom of choice† (Salvatore Diulio, 2003). Therefore, a hybrid system would be better since it maximizes the benefits of both capitalism and socialism while minimizing the demerits associated with them. In order to achieve the above objectives, I would establish a free market system that encourages private ownership of property (Salvatore Diulio, 2003). This would be supported by appropriate legislations that provide a framework for its operation. Public enter prises would be privatized in order to promote efficiency (Frank, Bernanke, Kaufman, 2007). Besides, profit remittance by such companies would be replaced by profit taxations. The government’s role in the economy would be to ensure healthy competition, protecting private property and rights of citizens as well as enforcing law and order. Key sectors of the economy such as healthcare, education and security will be controlled by the government through subsidies, regulation and direct delivery or provision of services. However, the private sector too would be allowed to participate in such sectors. The free market system would enable the government to realize high tax revenues which would be used for national projects such as development of infrastructure. Type of Leader I would like to be a president whose leadership is based on democracy and the rule of the law. This means that my focus would be on promoting democracy in the country. Upholding democracy will help in engaging the population in the affairs of the government (Swart Solomon, 2008). Consequently, my government will be people centered. A government that focuses on the needs of the people is likely to gain public approval which translates into political stability (Linlelater, 2000). Besides, it will help me to achieve rapid political change and economic growth since my objectives will be informed by the felt needs of the citizens. I will promote the rule of the law by ensuring that the constitution forms the basis of the operations of the government. Respecting the constitution will help in achieving the overall objectives and goals of the country (Roskin, 2006). My priorities will include promoting rapid economic growth, enhancing democracy and improving the relationship of Libya with the international community. Assistance from Foreign Powers Due to the scope of the political, social and economic reforms needed in the country, I would seek the following forms of assistance from foreign pow ers. To begin with, I would seek expert advice from the foreign powers in regard to restructuring the government. This is because the current system of governance needs a complete overhaul (Swart Solomon, 2008). Thus replacing it with a new one will require a lot of expertise that Libya does not have (Bruce, 2009). Second, I would seek financial support from foreign powers. Implementing reforms such as restructuring the government and the economy requires a lot of financial resources. For example, establishing new branches of the government such as the legislature and amending the constitution will necessitate spending on a lot of research, civic education and referendum (Weber, 2009). The current budget can not support all these reforms since a better part of it is used to provide services to the citizens (John, 2009). Therefore, I would need financial assistance either in the form of loans or grants from foreign powers. The western powers in particular are likely to offer such su pport if they are promised that it will be used for political reforms. Finally, I would seek technological support from foreign powers in order to achieve rapid economic growth. At the moment the manufacturing sector in Libya â€Å"accounts for 20% of the real GDP† (John, 2009). However, the full potential of the sector can not be realized due to lack of appropriate technology. I would thus adopt an open market policy to encourage the foreign powers to invest in the country (Salvatore Diulio, 2003). Such investments will facilitate technological transfers into the country. Besides, I would seek financial support in the form of grants to facilitate research and development in Libya. Conclusion The above discussion indicates that Libya has a fairly stable economy and better quality of life as compared to other African countries (Bruce, 2009). However, the political and governance system in the country has failed to achieve its mandate (Daoud, 2011). There is no democracy and f ormal governance system. The country’s leader has abandoned the constitution and introduced his own political ideologies that enable him to extend his stay in office. Consequently, he has been able to influence all aspects of the government and avert political opposition. The implication of these trends is that the level of political oppression has increased in the country (Hillston, 2011). Consequently, the discontent that has been building up in the country recently degenerated into political unrest (Hillston, 2011). Thus in order to restore peace and stability in the country, the government must implement political, social and economic reforms. Such reforms would include strengthening the various branches of the government, restoring the supremacy of the constitution and promoting democracy through elections. References Bruce, R. (2009). Qaddafi’s Libya in world politics. The Middle East Journal, vol. 63 (3), 509-510. Daoud, A. (2011). Deffection of Moussa Koussa me ans the Gaddafi’s regime is crambling. The North Africa Journal, vol. 20 (3), 225-260. Frank, R., Bernanke, B., Kaufman, R. (2007). Principles of economics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gatung, J. (2011). Libya: the war is on. Web. Hillston, D. (2011). The Libyan no fly zone: responsibility to protect and international law. Foreign Policy Journal, vol. 47 (3), 101-120. John, B. (2009). The changing Libyan economy: causes and consequences. The Middle East Journal, vol. 62 (1), 75-91. Linlelater, A. (2000). International relations: critical concepts in politics. New York: Routledge. Mittelman, R. (2011). Freezing and seizing Qadhafi’s assest. Harvard National Security Journal, vol. 2 (1), 130-134. Peters, R. (2006). Crime and punishment in Islamic law. Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 18 (2), 244-246. Roskin, M. (2006). Political science. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Salvatore, D., Diulio, E. (2003). Principles of economics. New York: New York. Simpkins, J. (2010). Libyaâ €™s legal system and legal research. Web. Solomon, J. (2008). Gaddafi revamps Libya’s economy. Web. Swart, G., Solomon, H. (2008). Libya’s foreign policy in flux. African Affairs, vol. 104 (416), 469-492. Weber, C. (2009). International relations. London: Tylor and Francis. This essay on Libya: Moammar Gaddafi was written and submitted by user Bobby B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

8 most attractive universities for students and great destinations for tourists

8 most attractive universities for students and great destinations for tourists 8 Most Beautiful Places to Go to Graduate School Where to go to graduate school? If you are asking this question and reviewing opportunities where to go as a grad student, this article will give you plenty of ideas. We decided to discover most beautiful universities that do not only offer an interesting and useful study process but look amazing. The universities we are going to tell you about have an awesome look and provide students a wonderful surrounding area to enjoy free time from studying. Top most wonderful universities to graduate school 8. University of Colorado, Boulder The university is based at the Rocky Mountains and was built in 1876. The place has a dry and warm climate, which you will be able to enjoy by biking and hiking. You can definitely call this place green because of wonderful nature and historical buildings that surround the university. Boulder also has a local farmer’s market that runs from April to October and offers locals and students the freshest food. 7. Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA This lovely place with sunny days and awesome beaches is one of the favorite places for students and tourist who come here. A lot of people all over the world would live to set here and enjoy days by the blue water. Students who have a great opportunity to spend their college years here can swim, sunbathe, and surf all year round. 6. University of Washington, Seattle A beautiful place, however, with an oceanic climate and wet winters still deserves a place in the list of most attractive universities in the world. Here students have a lot of opportunities to develop culturally. The city is rich in music, arts, theaters, and museums. Also, the city is also famous for a delicious coffee. You will have a lot of space to walk around and enjoy unforgettable views. It is even hard to believe that some young people study here and walk those streets every day. 5. The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Five national parks, world-famous Salt Lake, warm summers and cool winters attract not only young people to enter The University of Utah, but tourist to spend a vacation here. From every point of the city, you can enjoy a wonderful view of Oquirrh mountain ranges. 4. University of Texas, San Antonio If you want to combine studying with exciting leisure, this place is number one. The city has a subtropical climate and provides a spectacular nightlife. However, the city has historical roots, it offers a lot of contemporary entertainments. There are a lot of places to visit around the university, such as Japanese Tea Gardens and National Park. 3. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI If you are attracted by rainforests and islands, then you must come here. This place is number one when it comes to outdoor activities, such as biking, surfing, and paddling. It is only 3 miles from the university to a famous Waikiki Beach where you can fully enjoy sunbathing, tasting delicious food, and having fun at night. 2. Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA The university and the campus are located along the coastline that provides a breathtaking view on the Pacific Ocean. The climate here suits pretty everyone. It is warm and dry, so students and visitors of the city can enjoy various activities. In 2007, The Pepperdine University campus was rated number one in the list of most beautiful campuses all over the globe. 1. Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH The campus of this university is called one of the most awesome not because of nature here but numerous opportunities for students. Once you come here, you will be able to take pleasure in hiking, biking, and snowmobiling. The university is located along the Connecticut River and the White Mountain National Forest which are the places you must see. A remarkable architecture from 19th century adds charm to this nice city. Maybe this information will help with writing a paper for your school or college, so do not be shy to use it and get a high grade!

262 SAT Vocab Words You Must Know

262 SAT Vocab Words You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A lot of students immediately think of vocabulary when they hear the word SAT. But are SAT vocab words really that important for doing well on the test? Kind of. If you’re aiming for a high score, you’ll definitely want to spend some time learning key SAT words. In this guide, we give you a comprehensive list of 262 of the most common SAT vocabulary words. We also explain how vocab is tested on the SAT, what types of questions you’ll see, and how to get the most out of your vocab prep. How Is Vocabulary Tested on the SAT? The SAT underwent a significant redesign in 2016, and since then vocabulary has become a far less important part of the test. This is because there are fewer vocabulary questions on the current SAT than there were on the old SAT. That said, it'll still benefit you to study vocab, especially if you're aiming for a high or perfect score. All SAT words are about medium difficultyand aretested in the context of reading passages, so you’ll get not just a sentence but an entire paragraph or passage to work with. Context clues make memorizing SAT vocab words less important on the current SAT than it was on the old SAT, back when you had to memorize dozens of obscure words and answer questions that dealt with isolated sentences (these were called Sentence Completion problems).This made vocab questions particularly hard since you were given minimal context with which to solve them. What Do SAT Vocabulary Questions Look Like? Purely vocabulary-based questions don’t make up a large part of the SAT. Based on our analysis of official SAT practice tests,13% of the Reading section (or about seven questions) ask you to match a word with its correct meaning.We call theseWords in Contextquestions. For these questions, you'll need to know alternative meanings of relatively common words, such as â€Å"directly† and â€Å"hold.† While you mightcome across slightly more difficult SAT words, you generally shouldn’t see any as hard as those on the old SAT. Here's an example of a Reading vocabulary question (with the relevant part of the passage shown): Source: Official SAT Practice Test #1 In addition to Words in Context questions, you’ll getquestions that require you to pick a single word or phrase in order to paraphrase or clarify part of a passage.With these questions, you must understand what allthe SAT vocab words mean so that you can choose the right answer. Here are some examples of these questions: A sample SAT question with single vocab words as answer choices. (Source: Official SAT Practice Test #1) A sample SAT question with phrases as answer choices. (Source: Official SAT Practice Test #2) In these examples, you'll need to know the definitions of a variety of SAT vocabulary words, such as â€Å"substantiated,† â€Å"freewheeling,† and â€Å"scandalous,† so that you can select the right answer choice. Are There Any Vocab Questions on SAT Writing? Aside from the Reading section, are there any SAT vocab questions on the Writing and Language section? The quick answer is yes- you will see vocab questions on Writing and Language. While most questions in this section focus on grammar, transitions, and tense, you'll also get some vocab questions that ask you to replace SAT words in a passage; we call thesePrecision questions. In total, you’ll get three Precision questions, making upabout 7% of the SAT Writing section. Here's an example of a Precision question (with the relevant part of the passage shown): Source: Official SAT Practice Test #2 262 SAT Vocab Words You’re Bound to See on Test Day Now that you know what kinds of vocab questions are on the SAT, let's go over the 262 words and definitions we suggest memorizing if you want to get high scores on SAT Reading and Writing. To compile this list, we dug through all official SAT practice tests, looking atboth the Reading and Writing sections (and not just the questions but the answer choices and passages, too).We also looked at SAT words from other online vocab lists. Though you don’t need to memorize all the words below, familiarizing yourself with most of them should help you better identify the tones of passages and make you more efficient at interpreting and answering questions correctly on SAT Reading and Writing. Below, we give you each word, its part of speech, its definition, and an example sentence (or more if the word has multiple definitions/parts of speech). All words are listed in alphabetical order. Word Definition Example Sentence Abate v. to become less active, less intense, or less in amount As I began my speech, my feelings of nervousness quickly abated. Abstract adj. existing purely in the mind; not representing actual reality Julie had trouble understanding the appeal of the abstract painting. Abysmal adj. extremely bad I got an abysmal grade on my research paper! Accordingly adv. in accordance with All students must behave accordingly. Acquisition n. the act of gaining a skill or possession of something Language acquisition is easier for kids than it is for adults. Adapt v. to make suit a new purpose v. to accommodate oneself to a new condition, setting, or situation The US has adapted many foreign foods to better suit the tastes of Americans. Dogs are known for their ability to quickly adapt to their environments. Adept adj. having knowledge or skill (usu. in a particular area) Beth loves playing the piano, but she’s especially adept at the violin. Adequate adj. having sufficient qualifications to meet a specific task or purpose Though his resume was adequate, the company doubted whether he’d be a good fit. Advent n. the arrival or creation of something (usu. historic) The world has never been the same since the advent of the light bulb. Adversarial adj. relating to hostile opposition An adversarial attitude will make you many enemies in life. Advocate n.someone who promotes or defends something v. to defend or promote something (usu. a belief, theory, opinion, etc.) I am anadvocatefor free higher education. Environmental protesters often advocate for cleaner energy practices. Aesthetic adj. relating to beauty or refined taste The aesthetic decorations at the wedding reception made you feel as if you were a character in a fairy tale. Afford v. to be able to buy v. to be able to spare He’s saving money so he can afford to buy a new car. I can’t afford to lose any more pencils! Agitate v. to promote something (usu. a cause) They’re agitating for better health care. Allow v. to permit or consent to US law allows citizens to speak freely. Allude v. to make a secretive mention of something She alluded to the problem at hand but didn’t say anything more about it. Altercation n. a noisy argument or confrontation Greg got into an altercation with a stranger at the bar. Ambiguous adj. unclear or vague in meaning Her ambiguous statement made me question whether she could be trusted. Ambitious adj. having a powerful desire for success or achievement Penny is so ambitious, she wants to be president someday. Ambivalence n. the state of being uncertain or stuck between two or more options His ambivalence prevented him from immediately signing the contract. Analogous adj. similar but not identical Green onions are considered analogous to spring onions. Annihilate v. to destroy or cause devastating destruction The dictator sent orders to annihilate the group of rebels. Anomaly n. something different from the norm This result is an anomaly and very rarely happens. Anticipate v. assume to be likely to happen The party was just as fun as I had anticipated it would be. Antipathy n. a strong feeling of dislike Her antipathy toward the professor was obvious: she rolled her eyes whenever he entered the classroom. Apex n. the highest point of something The spring play was the apex of our school year. Apprehension n. fearful expectation of something Her apprehension to leave her house resulted in her missing the train. Articulate v. to clearly express in words She articulated her opinion on the price of the house. Artificial adj. something made; not occurring naturally Many candies use artificial flavors to make them taste fruity. Assertion n. a strong declaration His assertion that sharks are mammals made everyone laugh. Austere adj. extremely plain adj. stern and forbidding adj. relating to self-denial He lived in a small, austere cabin in the middle of the woods. My boss had an austere expression on her face. An austere lifestyle, like that of monks, isn’t for everybody. Authenticity n. the quality of being real and true instead of fake and contrived The police officer doubted the authenticity of the suspect’s story. Avenue n. an intangible path or approach to something The company has decided to pursue other avenues. Avid adj. actively interested in or enthusiastic about something Gerald is an avid soccer fan. Basic adj. relating to the foundation or basis of something You have to start with basic Russian before you can move on to the advanced level. Bear v. to have as a characteristic v. to have (a child) v. to bring forth v. to put up with She bears a strong resemblance to your mother. Judy will bear her first child last year. My garden is going to bear pumpkins this year. I can’t bear her complaining any longer! Benevolent adj. kind, generous Many cultures believe in benevolent spirits. Bias n. a preconception that prevents objectivity It’s important to avoid bias when investigating a crime. Bittersweet adj. tinged with a feeling of sadness The ending of the romance movie was bittersweet. Bolster v. to support, strengthen, or fortify If we work together, we should be able to lift and then bolster the couch. Boost n.an increase or growth v. to increase or make grow Theboostin profits was a welcome change. In order to boost profits, you need to cater to your customers. Brawl n. an intense, loud fight v. to fight loudly and disruptively A brawl broke out at school today after one student accused another of cheating. The two students brawled for an hour. Brevity n. the quality of being brief or terse The brevity of their time together made it all the more romantic. Candid adj. direct, blunt Josh is candid about his desire to become an actor. Candor n. the trait of being honest and frank I admire her candor, especially when nobody else bothers to speak up. Capitalize v. to use to your advantage I’d like to capitalize on your math skills by having your work the cash register. Capture v. to trap or take possession of v. to successfully represent or imitate v. to captivate, mesmerize v. to catch or seize The spy was captured by the enemy. Your painting beautifully captures the ephemerality of life. I was captured by her beauty. The cops captured the criminal three days after the incident. Civic adj. relating to the city or citizens Voting is a civic duty. Clinical adj. emotionally unattached (usu. used in medical or scientific setting) Her clinical approach to situations allows her to handle them more effectively. Clout n. special advantage or power Children of rich and famous people often believe they have a lot of clout. Coarse adj. indicating a rough texture adj.lacking refinement or sophistication The horse’s mane was coarse, as if it had never been washed. The queen’s coarse way of speaking surprised the other members of royalty. Coincide v. to happen at the same time It wasn’t until after I booked my ticket that I realized the concert coincided with my finals. Commission n. the use of payment to request something (e.g., a service or product) This painting was commissioned by a rich merchant in 1589. Comparable adj. able to be compared This novel is comparable to Huckleberry Finn. Competent adj. sufficiently qualified We need to hire a competent web developer to create a good website for our company. Complacent adj. satisfied, with no desire to change or improve Though he had never won any awards or even been published, he was complacent with his life as a poet. Complement v. to make perfect or complete This wine perfectly complements this platter of gourmet cheese. Concede v. to be forced to agree or surrender v. to admit to a transgression With no chance of winning the battle, the army at last conceded. Dan conceded to pranking his sister. Conceive v. to imagine or come up with The plan to build the city was originally conceived in the early 1900s. Condone v. to overlook, approve, or allow She couldn't condone her daughter's rebellious behavior. Conducive adj. able to bring about or be suitable for The noisy students hardly made the campus library conducive to studying. Conduct v. to control or manage v. to behave a certain way The group conducted their research abroad last year. Be sure to conduct yourself accordingly. Confide v. to share something secretive with someone She confided all of her biggest secrets in her best friend. Confine v. to put limits on; to restrict We are going to confine the use of this drinking fountain. Consensus n. overall agreement After weeks of debating, the panel finally came to a consensus. Constitute v. to form or compose (part of) something The desire for equality constituted the civil rights movement. Contemplate v. to think deeply about She contemplated telling her teacher about the cheating student. Contend v. to maintain or assert (an opinion) The president contends that the US government will not negotiate with terrorists. Contradict v. to be in contrast with The camera footage contradicts his alibi. Controversial adj. highly debatable and causing contention Millions of viewers watched the controversial debate take place. Conventional adj. abiding by accepted standards She lives a conventional life in the suburbs. Convey v. to pass on or transfer (information) I have trouble conveying my thoughts in French. Conviction n. a firm belief in something Her religious convictions prevent her from eating meat. Corroborate v. to provide evidence for; to back up (a claim) The note signed by her father corroborates her claim that she was absent from class that day. Counteract v. to work in opposition to This ingredient seems to counteract the other ones. Counterargument n. an argument used to criticize or dismantle another argument Make sure to include a counterargument in your essay so that you can show you’ve considered the topic from all perspectives. Counterproductive adj. hindering the achievement of a goal Bill’s idea to take a shortcut was ultimately counterproductive: it took us twice as long to get to the train station. Culmination n. the final act or climax The culmination of the performance was unforgettable. Cultivate v. to foster the growth of Teachers don’t just pass on new information to students- they cultivate their academic potential. Decree v. to declare formally and with authority The president decreed that Halloween would henceforth be a national holiday. Deference n. respect; regard Her deference to the elderly makes her the perfect candidate for an internship at the retirement center. Deficient adj. not enough in degree or amount I feel as though the sources for my paper are deficient. Demonstrate v. to do as an example v. gives evidence for Could you demonstrate the dance move for me? This book’s use of words such as â€Å"grim† and â€Å"bleak† demonstrates the author’s mournful tone. Demur v. to object to She demurred at my request to transfer to a different department. Deplete v. to (over)use over time (usu. resources) The lost campers quickly depleted their supply of food. Desolate adj.bare, barren, empty The moon is one giant,desolate landscape. Devise v. to come up with (a plan) Lana devised a plan to make herself famous. Dilemma n. a problem, usually requiring a choice between two options The main dilemma is whether to pay for a commercial or not. Diligence n. conscientiousness; the quality of being committed to a task Diligence and confidence will get you far in life. Diminish v. to become smaller in scope or degree The itchiness of mosquito bites usually starts to diminish after a few days. Dire adj. hopeless and dangerous or fearful When the police didn’t explain what was happening right away, Jane knew that the situation must be dire. Discord n.disagreement Disputes over money caused intensediscordin the family. Disdain n. a lack of respect and strong dislike (toward something or someone) He looked at me with such disdain that I immediately knew the job wouldn’t work out. Dismay n.hopelessness, stress, or consternation v. to fill with woe or apprehension To Nick’s dismay, he got an F on the test. Many were dismayed by the town’s implementation of metered parking. Disparage v. to belittle or speak down to A good boss is stern but never disparages his or her employees. Dispatch v. to send off a message or messenger The mother dispatched her daughter to their neighbor’s house. Diversification n. the act of becoming diverse Lately, there’s been noticeable diversification of students at higher institutions. Doctrine n. a principle, theory, or position, usu. advocated by a religion or gov’t Devoutly religious people often live their lives according to their doctrines. Dominion n. power and authority (usu. over a territory) n. a legal territory The country claimed to have dominion over parts of Russia. Puerto Rico is a dominion of the US. Dreary adj. sad, gloomy, dull The gray clouds in the sky made the day feel dreary. Dubious adj. doubtful, questionable The man’s claims to the throne were dubious since nobody knew where he’d come from. Eccentric adj. peculiar or odd; deviating from the norm She’s a little eccentric but still fun to be around. Egregious adj. extremely bad After cheating on the exam, Emily began to feel as though she’d made an egregious mistake. Eloquent adj. having refined or expressive communication skills (in speaking or writing) His speech was not only eloquent but also extremely compelling. Eminent adj. superior or distinguished; high in position or status Our town made news when the eminent magician came to perform at our local theater. Emit v. to discharge, give forth, or release Plants consume carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Emphatic adj. very expressive; using emphasis Her emphatic smile told me she was excited to ride the roller coaster. Empirical adj. derived from experience, observation, or an experiment You need empirical evidence to support your claim. Endow v. to equip or bestow (usu. a quality or ability) According to the myth, the gods endowed him with the gift of healing. Endure v. to withstand, sustain, or hold out against I can’t endure this wait any longer. Will Stanford accept or reject me? Entail v. to involve or include A doctoral program entails long nights and a heavy workload. Entrenched adj. firmly established Her face will forever be entrenched in my memory. Enumerate v. to specify or count I can’t enumerate how many times I’ve had to remind my students when their papers are due. Envy n. excessive jealousy v. to admire and be jealous of His envy of her is quite obvious. She envies her coworker's social skills. Erratic adj. having no fixed course; deviating from the norm The car became erratic after slipping on ice. Establish v. to enact v. to found (a business, group, school, etc.) They established a law that made it illegal to drive after drinking any amount of alcohol. Our group established a new branch in Chicago. Evoke v. to draw forth or call up Horror movies are great at evoking fear. Exacerbate v. to make worse or increase the severity of The doctor told me not to run as it can exacerbate my knee injury. Excel v. to do something extremely well or to be superior in She was a well-rounded student but excelled especially in science. Exert v. to put into use (usu. as effort) Don’t exert all of your energy at once. Exhilarating adj. invigorating, stimulating, or exciting The music playing at the club was catchy and exhilarating. Expend v. to use up (as in energy or money) Be careful not to expend all your energy in the first half of a marathon. Exploit v. to use selfishly or for profit The shoddy company exploited its workers by paying them extremely low wages. Facilitate v. to aid the progress of In grad school, advisors facilitate students’ research and offer constructive criticism. Feasibility n. the practicality or possibility of something The feasibility of her project was doubtful; she’d have to go all the way to Antarctica and back before the school year ended. Ferocity n. viciousness, violence The lion is just one wild animal known for its ferocity. Fiscal adj.related to (government) money Fiscal policy is how the government uses money to influence the economy. Flourish v. to prosper, grow, or make fast progress After one year, the tiny plants had flourished into a breathtaking garden. Fluctuate v. to be unstable; to rise and fall Stocks can fluctuate on a daily basis, making it difficult to determine when to buy or sell one. Foment v.to stir up The civilians accused their leader offomentingpolitical unrest. Foreseeable adj. capable of being predicted or anticipated I can't imagine aliens visiting us in the foreseeable future. Frankly adv. directly, clearly I frankly don’t see the point in learning to drive. Freewheeling adj. carefree His freewheeling attitude often got him in trouble at work. Fundamental adj. the most essential or most basic part A thesis is arguably the most fundamental part of an essay. Galvanizing adj. thrilling, exciting, stimulating The galvanizing performance left everyone spellbound. Geriatric adj. relating to old age I became interested in geriatric medicine shortly after my grandfather passed away from cancer. Hostile adj. harmful, dangerous The voices around the corner sounded angry, hostile even. Hypothetical adj. supposed; related to a hypothesis For my physics homework, I must come up with a hypothetical situation. Ignominious adj.publicly shameful or humiliating The politician's expensive campaign ultimately ended inignominious defeat. Impart v. to transmit, bestow, or disclose Parents must impart common sense to their children. Impartiality n. the equal and objective treatment of opposing views To ensure impartiality, we require everyone to follow these general guidelines. Imposing adj. impressive (esp. in size or appearance) The old mansion was imposing in its huge size and gothic architecture. Imposition n. an unnecessary burden If it’s not too much of an imposition, could you proofread my paper? Imprudent adj. not cautious or prudent; rash Backpacking abroad can be fun, but don’t be imprudent about money. Incite v. to encourage or stir up Her hateful words incited anger in the crowd. Indifference n. apathy, emotional detachment The girl’s indifference toward her brother upset their parents. Indiscriminately adv. randomly; with little or no distinction Lottery winners are chosen indiscriminately. Indulge v. to give into; to satisfy or gratify My friend loves to indulge in cheesy romance movies. Infer v. to guess, conclude, or derive by reasoning You can infer from this quotation that the writer didn’t care for â€Å"pretty† language. Innovative adj. novel or new (esp. as an idea or invention) Her invention was incredibly innovative and won her multiple awards. Insatiable adj. can’t be satisfied A vampire’s thirst for blood is said to be insatiable. Inversion n. a reversal The culture’s norms were an inversion of our own. Invoke v. to call on; to appeal to (e.g., a higher power) The shaman attempted to invoke a demon. Irreconcilable adj. incapable of being in harmony or agreed upon The couple’s differences were ultimately irreconcilable, giving them no choice but to break up. Lament v. to feel sorrow for; to mourn Susan lamented her missed chance at going to Europe with her high school class. Locomotion n. movement Physics involves the study of locomotion. Lucrative adj. capable of making a lot of money; profitable Writing books isn’t a particularly lucrative career, unless you’re J.K. Rowling. Malicious adj. harmful, spiteful The malicious spirit drove out the inhabitants from their home. Malleable adj. capable of being molded or changed Children’s minds are malleable but only for so long. Materialistic adj. superficial; focus on material possessions Many people accuse Americans of being materialistic. Melodramatic adj. extravagant or exaggerated (as of a melodrama) The melodramatic play was well liked by the audience. Modest adj. simple and humble adj. small in size or amount They moved into a modest house in the countryside. I received a modest sum of money for my help at the company event. Modify v. to change, alter, or tweak Dr. Nguyen modified the gene so that it wouldn’t carry the disease. Momentous adj. historically significant Her win in the election was momentous. Novel adj. new, innovative We are looking for novel ways to approach the project. Nuance n. asubtle difference in meaning Body-language experts even understand the nuances of facial expressions. Null adj. legally void and ineffective The government declared their marriage null. Objectivity n. judgment based on observations instead of emotions or opinions In scientific research, objectivity is of utmost importance. Obsolete adj. no longer used; rare or uncommon Historians assumed record players would be obsolete by now, but in fact they’re making a huge comeback. Omnipotent adj. almighty and all powerful Gods are omnipotent beings who can control human destiny. Onset n. the beginning or early stages At the onset of her career as a lawyer, things were looking up. Opine v. to openly express an opinion The new employee opined at the company meeting. Ornate adj. highly detailed and decorated That ornate silverware must be worth thousands of dollars! Oust v. to remove or force out of (usu. a position or office) Sick and tired of putting up with his bad moods, the pirates ousted their captain. Paramount adj. predominant, superior, most important Our paramount concern is the safety of our employees. Peculiar adj. strange, bizarre Upon entering the abandoned house, Kate experienced a peculiar feeling, as if someone was watching her. Perish v. to die; to pass away According to the news, nobody perished in the fire. Persecute v. to cause suffering to They will persecute anyone who doesn’t agree with their views of the world. Petulant adj.cranky, pouty, irritable Petulant children are especially difficult to care for. Pinnacle n. highest level or degree Many believe that composers such as Beethoven and Mozart represent the pinnacle of classical music. Pitiable adj. deserving pity The frail-looking dog was pitiable, so I gave it some food and took it inside to care for it. Plausible adj. reasonable and possibly true Her story is plausible, but that doesn’t mean she’s telling the truth. Postulate v. to assert The literary critic postulates that romanticism and naturalism are actually interconnected. Potent adj. having great influence adj. having a strong, chemical effect The bald eagle is a potent symbol of the US. The potion was definitely potent- it healed my wounds immediately! Pragmatic adj. practical, useful It’s not necessarily more pragmatic to study engineering than it is to study philosophy. Precedent n. an example or subject from earlier in time This change in law is without historical precedent. Predecessor n. someone who comes before you (usu. in position or office) My predecessor gave me many tips for running the office. Prescribe v. to command orders v. to issue authorization for medications The directions for our essay prescribe a length of at least ten pages. A doctor must prescribe you this medication before you can begin taking it. Principle n. basic truth, assumption, or rule Remember the universal principle: treat others as you want them to treat you. Prohibit v. to command against, to outlaw Alcohol was prohibited in the US in the 1920s. Prompt adj.punctual, on time n.a cue to begin something; instructions v. to incite, propel, or cause to act She is alwayspromptwhen it comes to turning in her homework. I had to write an essay based on aprompt. The possibility of a scholarship prompted him to apply to Harvard. Promulgate v. to put into law or formally declare The ruler will at last promulgate an amnesty with the neighboring countries. Prosecute v. to bring criminal action against someone (in a trial) The suspect was prosecuted yesterday. Provocative adj. intending to provoke, inspire, or arouse Her nude paintings are considered quite provocative. Qualitative adj. involving qualities of something (features and content) I noticed a qualitative change in her paintings. Quantitative adj. involving quantities (numbers and amounts) We must conduct a quantitative analysis. Quirk n. a strange habit His biggest quirk is his love of old marbles. Ramify v. to split into two or more branches Cars ramified throughout the world in the twentieth century. Rash adj. without attention to danger or risk Her rash decision to pass the car nearly resulted in a crash. Raw adj. unrefined adj. not processed; uncooked (as in food) He’s got raw talent as a singer, but he needs to work on his performance skills. In some countries, such as Japan, it is normal to eat raw fish. Readily adv. right away and without difficulty Water was readily available at different points in the race. Reconsideration n. thinking again about a previously made choice The judges’ reconsideration of her performance resulted in her victory. Reform n. a change for the better; improvement v. to improve via change The reform made it so that only those 18 and older can legally drive. The government reformed its vague policies on marijuana use. Refute v. to prove to be untrue, unfounded, or incorrect The student refuted the professor’s claim in class. Reinforce v. to strengthen or add support to We can use these pipes to reinforce the structure. Reluctantly adv. somewhat unwillingly Max reluctantly agreed to see the horror movie with his friends. Renounce v. to give up (usu. power or a position) v. to cast off Our CEO renounced her position yesterday. He renounced his friend after he caught her stealing money from him. Reproach v. to criticize The mother reproached her daughter’s school for making students come in during a blizzard. Repudiate v. to refuse to recognize as true v. to cast off The father repudiated his son’s marriage. She repudiated her son once she found out he’d married someone without telling her. Retention n. the act of keeping something Water retention can make you weigh more on certain days. Satiated adj. satisfied (usu. in hunger) I felt satiated after eating a snack. Savvy adj. having practical intelligence or knowledge My brother is not very savvy when it comes to using public transportation. Scandalous adj. morally offensive, often causing damage to one’s reputation The scandalous politician decided it was best to resign from office. Scorn v. to look down on with disdain It’s difficult for me not to scorn those who use improper grammar. Scrupulous adj. paying great attention to detail I am a scrupulous proofreader and never miss an error. Scrutinize v. to examine carefully and critically The teacher scrutinized her students’ essays. Secrete v. to produce or release (a substance) Trees secrete a sticky substance called sap. Sentiment n. opinion n. a tender or moving gesture I am of the sentiment that you should never give out your passwords to anyone. Even though I’m not a big fan of porcelain dolls, I appreciated the sentiment. Sheer adj. so thin that light can shine through The curtains on the window were so sheer you could clearly see inside the house. Simple adj. easy; not complex adj. undecorated This math problem is so simple even a first grader can solve it. The simple beauty of the ocean is what makes it memorable. Sinister adj. ominous, evil Medieval peasants believed sinister demons could harm humans. Solidarity n. the joining of commonalities or common purposes among a group I stood in solidarity with other female students by refusing to wear the school’s sexist uniform. Sparingly adv. insufficiently, meagerly, or in a restricted manner Due to my condition, I must eat salt sparingly. Spawn v. to release eggs v. to call forth or generate Frogs typically spawn in ponds. The topic spawned an ongoing debate among his family members. Spur v. to stimulate or incite Her bravery spurred others to act. Squalid adj. run-down, sordid, or sleazy The squalid cabin needed a new roof and an exterminator. Stark adj. very plain; devoid of any details or features Looking out at the stark landscape, I felt a keen sense of isolation. Static adj. motionless adj. changeless The ball is static. Her life has been static for the past three years. Subordinate adj. lower in rank n. someone lower in rank v. to make dependent on or put at a lower rank The subordinate officers work every day. My subordinate will check you in. You aren’t my boss- you can’t subordinate me to the role of receptionist! Subsequently adv. happening later or after something I subsequently went home. Substantial adj. very large in amount or degree I was shocked to find a substantial amount of money beneath the park bench. Substantiate v. to strengthen with new evidence or facts It is important for scientists to substantiate their theories whenever possible. Subtle adj. hard to detect or analyze I detected in her expression a subtle hint of irritation. Sufficient adj. enough; just meeting a requirement These boxes should be sufficient for our move. Surly adj. unfriendly; inclined to anger The bartender was a surly fellow who wasn’t afraid to start a fight. Surmount v.to get on top of or overcome They managed to surmount the language barrier by using a translation app. Susceptible adj. to be vulnerable (to something) Children are more susceptible to certain illnesses than adults are. Tactful adj. skilled at dealing with people Her tactful attitude toward our class made her one of my favorite teachers. Taut adj. pulled tight The rubberband was taut and ready to be fired. Teeming adj. abundantly filled (usu. with living organisms) Doorknobs are not as clean as they look and are often teeming with germs. Temperament n. usual mood or feelings She had a hostile temperament, making her intimidating to most people. Tentative adj. not yet finalized We haven’t made any official arrangements yet, but the tentative location for our wedding is Hawaii. Transparent adj. see-through; so thin that light can shine through adj. truthful or easy to perceive Stained window glass isn’t as transparent as regular window glass is. She was transparent about her plans to end her marriage. Treacherous adj. dangerous and unstable The journey was becoming treacherous, but they continued on regardless. Tremendous adj. very large, good, or bad in degree or size Tremendous news! You don’t have to repay your loans! Ubiquitous adj.being everywhere at once Cell phones are ubiquitous these days. Unadorned adj. undecorated, plain Though the dress was cheap and unadorned, it was by far her favorite one on the rack. Undermine v. to weaken or subvert (usu. gradually or secretly) Parents should take care not to constantly undermine their children. Underscore v. to emphasize or give additional weight to This sentence seems to underscore the overall meaning of the passage. Undulate v. to move as ripples or in a wavy pattern Belly dancers are known for their ability to skillfully undulate their stomachs. Unilateral adj. one-sided The unilateral decision was deemed unfair by the other party involved. Unjust adj. unfair; not justified The court’s decision is unjust- he should not go free. Unmitigated adj. downright, utter, total My speech was an unmitigated disaster! Unprecedented adj. completely new and never having happened before; historic The number of protestors was unprecedented. Unveil v. to make visible; to reveal We plan to unveil our plans for the new company project on Sunday. Urge n.desire or impulse v. to encourage or persuade He had theurgeto tell his parents about his acceptance to Columbia but decided against it. She urged her sister to apply to Stanford. Validate v. to prove or declare valid Your selfish actions do not validate your feelings for me. Viability n. ability to be done in a practical or useful way The viability of the solution is questionable. Vital adj. urgently necessary It is vital that you respond by the deadline. Vow v. to promise My brother quickly broke his vow to never eat chocolate again. Warrant v. to prove to be reasonable Wanting to look cool in front of your friends doesn’t warrant breaking the law. Yield n.production of an amount v. to give way to or surrender to v. to produce or supply The farmer’s annual pumpkinyieldexceeded 10,000. Cars turning right on red must yield to oncoming traffic. Our experiment yielded many unique-looking vegetables. How to Study SAT Words Effectively: 3 Essential Tips Now that you've got a huge list of SAT vocabulary words you can work with, what’s the best way to study them? Here are three key tips to help you get the most out of your SAT vocab studies. #1: Make Flashcards and Use the Waterfall Method One of the absolute best ways to study SAT vocab words is to make flashcards.This lets you control which SAT words you study and even randomizes them so that you don't accidentally memorize words in a predetermined order. We recommend using the waterfall methodto study your flashcards.With this method, you'll get to see all the words in your deck, going over the most challenging words more often than the ones you already know or sort of know. Here's how to use the waterfall method: Once you’ve made your flashcards, split them up into decks (you can put whatever words you want in these decks) of about 30-50 cards each. Choose one deck to be your Starting Stack. Go through your Starting Stack, looking at each and every card. For the words you know, put them in a Know It pile. For the words you don’t know, put them in a separate Struggled pile as so: Now, pick up your Struggled pile and go through each card in it (leave your Know It pile where it is). Put the cards you know in a second Know It pile and the ones you don’t know in a Struggled pile. You should now have two Know It piles and one Struggled pile: Repeat this process of picking up your Struggled pile and going through each card until you’re left with about one to five cards in your Struggled pile: By now you should know most, if not all, cards in your deck.But it isn’t enough to just go through them once- you also have to work back up your â€Å"waterfall† of cards. To do this, combine your Struggled pile with your last Know It pile (the pile closest to the Struggled pile). This will be your Working pile. Go through all the cards in this pile. If there are any words you forgot, go through the entire pile again and again until you've learned all the definitions in it. Continue this pattern by combining your current Working pile with the next Know It pile. Go through all these cards until you know each one. At the end, you should have made your way all the back to your original Starting Stack. You now know all the SAT words and their meanings in your deck!Repeat this waterfall method with the other decks you make so that you can learn even more critical SAT vocab words. #2: Focus On Words You Don’t Know If you don’t have time to study the entire list above or only want to learn some SAT words, use our list to make a new vocab list containing only the words you don’t know. So if you know a word or are fairly sure you’ll be able to recognize it on test day, skip it and instead focus onthe words you’ll have the most trouble remembering.Once you have your list, use the waterfall method to study it. If you’re not a fan of paper flashcards, you can opt for digital flashcards. Anki is a free software you can download and use to make your own flashcards. The program uses spaced-repetition software (SRS) to show you difficult cards more often than those you know (basically, a digital version of the waterfall method). #3: Take Official SAT Practice Tests Since the majority of the words in our list above come fromofficial SAT practice tests, once you’ve studied these SAT words, you can put your knowledge to the test by taking a practice test.This letsyou see whether you truly know the meanings of the words andwhether you’ll be able to get the right answers in the context of a full-length, timed test- just like the real SAT. If you miss any questions because you forgot the meaning of a word, go back over our SAT vocab words list using your flashcards and the waterfall method. The Best SAT Vocab Flashcards If you plan to make your own SAT vocab flashcards from our list, you'll needat least 300 blank index cards and a system to keep them organized. These basic cards are an affordable option that are also available infun colors. You can keep them organized with plastic baggies or rubber bands, or you can get an organizer. Alternatively, trythese easy-flip flashcardsthatinclude binder clips. Though we strongly recommend making your own flashcards, you can also buy pre-made ones. There aren't a lot of options for the new SAT. We'd recommend going withBarron's00 Words You Need to Know, a series of exercises to master key words andidioms, or Manhattan'sGRE flashcards if you're looking for a challenge. Conclusion: The Importance of Studying SAT Vocabulary Overall, vocabulary words don't play a huge part on the SAT. That said, you’ll definitely have some questions on both the Reading and Writing sections that test your knowledge of SAT words, so it’s important to study those most likely to appear on test day. The best way to study SAT vocabulary is to make flashcards and use the waterfall method. This ensures you know all the words in your deck and aren’t glossing over any difficult ones. If you don’t want to make flashcards or don’t have time to study the whole list, however, it’s a good idea to pick out the words you don’t know and study just those. With these, you can either make a smaller deck of paper flashcards or opt for digital flashcards. No matter how you choose to study SAT vocab words, be sure totest out what you’ve learned in the context of full-length practice tests. Nearly all the words in our list above come from official SAT practice tests, so you’re guaranteed to come across them in some form! What’s Next? Want more tips on how to study SAT vocabulary words? Check out our expert tips for memorizing SAT words fastand learn why the waterfall method works so well. Aiming for a high SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score? Take a peek at our in-depth guides to getting a perfect Reading score and learning how to read SAT passages. Taking the ACT instead? Then you'll need to know vocab for that test, too. Learn what words to expect on the ACT and how to study them. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: